Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 2: Stratospheric and free-tropospheric response
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract. The paper constitutes Part 2 of a study performing first systematic inter-model comparison the atmospheric responses to stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) at various single latitudes in tropics, as simulated by three state-of-the-art Earth system models – CESM2-WACCM6, UKESM1.0, and GISS-E2.1-G. Building on 1 (Visioni et al., 2023) we demonstrate role biases climatological circulation specific aspects model microphysics driving differences sulfate distributions. We then characterize changes free-tropospheric temperatures, ozone, water vapor, large-scale circulation, elucidating above surface SAI discussed 1. show that spatial distribution can be explained significantly faster shallow branches Brewer–Dobson CESM2, relatively isolated tropical pipe older age air UKESM, smaller sizes stronger horizontal mixing (thus very young air) two GISS versions used. also find large spread magnitudes lower-stratospheric warming amongst models, driven microphysical, chemical, dynamical differences. These lead vapor responses, with significant increases under CESM2 were largely not reproduced UKESM. For good agreement was found stratosphere more complex microphysics, lower ozone consistent SAI-induced modulation resulting transport. In contrast, Antarctic latitudinal distributions aerosols well degree implementation heterogeneous halogen chemistry models. use runs bulk demonstrates importance detailed treatment processes, contrastingly different using two-moment treatment; however, some problems are identified require further attention. Overall, our results contribute an increased understanding underlying physical mechanisms identifying narrowing uncertainty projections climate impacts from SAI.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['1680-7316', '1680-7324']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-687-2023